This Article Full Text (PDF) References Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Oneal, J. R. Articles by Russett, B. Search for Related Content Social Bookmarking                         What's this?

The Liberal Peace: Interdependence, Democracy, and International Conflict, 1950-85

Frances H. Oneal

Department of Political Science, University of Alabama

Zeev Maoz

Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University

Bruce Russett

Department of Political Science, Yale University

The classical liberals believed that democracy and free trade would reduce the incidence of war. Here we conduct new tests of the `democratic peace', incorporating into the analyses of Maoz & Russett (1993) a measure of economic interdependence based on the economic importance of bilateral trade. This allows us to conduct a simultaneous evaluation of the effects of regime type and interdependence on the likelihood that a pair of states will become involved in a militarized interstate dispute. We control in all our analyses for a number of potentially confounding influences: growth rates in per capita income, alliances, geographic contiguity, and relative power. Our logistic regression analyses of politically relevant dyads (1950-85) indicate that the benefits of the liberals' economic program have not been sufficiently appreciated. Trade is a powerful influence for peace, especially among the war-prone, contiguous pairs of states. Moreover, Kant (1991 [1795]) was right: International conflict is less likely when external economic relations are important, executives are constrained, and societies are governed by non-violent norms of conflict resolution.

Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 33, No. 1, 11-28 (1996)
DOI: 10.1177/0022343396033001002


CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				R. Rauchhaus Evaluating the Nuclear Peace Hypothesis: A Quantitative Approach Journal of Conflict Resolution, April 1, 2009; 53(2): 258 - 277. [Abstract] [PDF]

				H. Hegre Gravitating toward War: Preponderance May Pacify, but Power Kills Journal of Conflict Resolution, August 1, 2008; 52(4): 566 - 589. [Abstract] [PDF]

				E. M. Hafner-Burton, J. von Stein, and E. Gartzke International Organizations Count Journal of Conflict Resolution, April 1, 2008; 52(2): 175 - 188. [Abstract] [PDF]

				Jun Xiang, Xiaohong Xu, and G. Keteku Power: The Missing Link in the Trade Conflict Relationship Journal of Conflict Resolution, August 1, 2007; 51(4): 646 - 663. [Abstract] [PDF]

				C. F. Goenner Economic War and Democratic Peace Conflict Management and Peace Science, July 1, 2007; 24(3): 171 - 182. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. Robst, S. Polachek, and Y.-C. Chang Geographic Proximity, Trade, and International Conflict/Cooperation Conflict Management and Peace Science, February 1, 2007; 24(1): 1 - 24. [Abstract] [PDF]

				B. E. Goldsmith A Universal Proposition? Region, Conflict, War and the Robustness of the Kantian Peace European Journal of International Relations, December 1, 2006; 12(4): 533 - 563. [Abstract] [PDF]

				V. L. Krustev Interdependence and the Duration of Militarized Conflict Journal of Peace Research, May 1, 2006; 43(3): 243 - 260. [Abstract] [PDF]

				E. M. Hafner-Burton and A. H. Montgomery Power Positions: International Organizations, Social Networks, and Conflict Journal of Conflict Resolution, February 1, 2006; 50(1): 3 - 27. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. Lee Ray Constructing Multivariate Analyses (of Dangerous Dyads) Conflict Management and Peace Science, September 1, 2005; 22(4): 277 - 292. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. R. Oneal and B. Russett Rule of Three, Let It Be? When More Really Is Better Conflict Management and Peace Science, September 1, 2005; 22(4): 293 - 310. [Abstract] [PDF]

				Y.-C. Chang Economic Interdependence and International Interactions: Impact of Third-Party Trade on Political Cooperation and Conflict Cooperation and Conflict, June 1, 2005; 40(2): 207 - 232. [Abstract] [PDF]

				H. Buhaug Dangerous Dyads Revisited: Democracies May Not Be That Peaceful After All Conflict Management and Peace Science, April 1, 2005; 22(2): 95 - 111. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. A. Benson The Relevance of Politically Relevant Dyads in the Study of Interdependence and Dyadic Disputes Conflict Management and Peace Science, April 1, 2005; 22(2): 113 - 133. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. A. Benson Dyadic Hostility and the Ties That Bind: State-to-State versus State-to-System Security and Economic Relationships Journal of Peace Research, November 1, 2004; 41(6): 659 - 676. [Abstract] [PDF]

				C. F. Goenner Uncertainty of the Liberal Peace Journal of Peace Research, September 1, 2004; 41(5): 589 - 605. [Abstract] [PDF]

				K. Barbieri and R. A. Peters II Measure for Mis-measure: A Response to Gartzke & Li Journal of Peace Research, November 1, 2003; 40(6): 713 - 719. [Abstract] [PDF]

				E. Gartzke and Q. Li Measure for Measure: Concept Operationalization and the Trade Interdependence-Conflict Debate Journal of Peace Research, September 1, 2003; 40(5): 553 - 571. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. Mousseau, H. Hegre, and J. R. O'neal How the Wealth of Nations Conditions the Liberal Peace European Journal of International Relations, June 1, 2003; 9(2): 277 - 314. [Abstract] [PDF]

				G. A. M. DAVIES Domestic Strife and the Initiation of International Conflicts: A Directed Dyad Analysis, 1950-1982 Journal of Conflict Resolution, October 1, 2002; 46(5): 672 - 692. [Abstract] [PDF]

				B. M. E. JUNGBLUT and R. J. STOLL The Liberal Peace and Conflictive Interactions: The Onset of Militarized Interstate Disputes, 1950-78 Journal of Peace Research, September 1, 2002; 39(5): 527 - 546. [Abstract] [PDF]

				W. J. DIXON and P. D. SENESE Democracy, Disputes, and Negotiated Settlements Journal of Conflict Resolution, August 1, 2002; 46(4): 547 - 571. [Abstract] [PDF]

				D. H. BEARCE and E. ON. FISHER Economic Geography, Trade, and War Journal of Conflict Resolution, June 1, 2002; 46(3): 365 - 393. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. W. Polachek Trade-Based Interactions: an Interdisciplinary Perspective Conflict Management and Peace Science, January 1, 2002; 19(2): 1 - 21. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. Suzuki, V. Krause, and J. D. Singer The Correlates of War Project: a Bibliographic History of the Scientific Study of War and Peace, 1964-2000 Conflict Management and Peace Science, January 1, 2002; 19(2): 69 - 107. [Abstract] [PDF]

				E. D. Mansfield and B. M. Pollins The Study of Interdependence and Conflict: Recent Advances, Open Questions, and Directions for Future Research Journal of Conflict Resolution, December 1, 2001; 45(6): 834 - 859. [Abstract] [PDF]

				K. Rasler and W. R. Thompson Rivalries and the Democratic Peace in the Major Power Subsystem Journal of Peace Research, November 1, 2001; 38(6): 659 - 683. [Abstract] [PDF]

				D. Lemke and W. Reed The Relevance of Politically Relevant Dyads Journal of Conflict Resolution, February 1, 2001; 45(1): 126 - 144. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. Mousseau Market Prosperity, Democratic Consolidation, and Democratic Peace Journal of Conflict Resolution, August 1, 2000; 44(4): 472 - 507. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. Werner The Effects of Political Similarity on the Onset of Militarized Disputes, 1816-1985 Political Research Quarterly, June 1, 2000; 53(2): 343 - 374. [Abstract] [PDF]

				H. Hegre Development and the Liberal Peace: What Does it Take to be a Trading State? Journal of Peace Research, January 1, 2000; 37(1): 5 - 30. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. Caprioli Gendered Conflict Journal of Peace Research, January 1, 2000; 37(1): 51 - 68. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. M. Mitchell, S. Gates, and H. Hegre Evolution in Democracy-War Dynamics Journal of Conflict Resolution, December 1, 1999; 43(6): 771 - 792. [Abstract] [PDF]

				K. Barbieri and G. Schneider Globalization and Peace: Assessing New Directions in the Study of Trade and Conflict Journal of Peace Research, July 1, 1999; 36(4): 387 - 404. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. W. Polachek, J. Robst, and Y.-C. Chang Liberalism and Interdependence: Extending the Trade-Conflict Model Journal of Peace Research, July 1, 1999; 36(4): 405 - 422. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. R. Oneal and B. Russett Assessing the Liberal Peace with Alternative Specifications: Trade Still Reduces Conflict Journal of Peace Research, July 1, 1999; 36(4): 423 - 442. [Abstract] [PDF]

				K. Barbieri and J. S. Levy Sleeping with the Enemy: The Impact of War on Trade Journal of Peace Research, July 1, 1999; 36(4): 463 - 479. [Abstract] [PDF]

				E. A. Henderson Neoidealism and the Democratic Peace Journal of Peace Research, March 1, 1999; 36(2): 203 - 231. [Abstract] [PDF]

				B. A. Leeds and D. R. Davis Beneath the Surface: Regime Type and International Interaction, 1953-78 Journal of Peace Research, January 1, 1999; 36(1): 5 - 21. [Abstract] [PDF]

				L. P. SOLTVEDT Economic Correlates of War in the Third World, 1965-92 Cooperation and Conflict, December 1, 1998; 33(4): 409 - 440. [Abstract]

				R. Reuveny and J. Maxwell Free Trade and Arms Races Journal of Conflict Resolution, December 1, 1998; 42(6): 771 - 803. [Abstract]

				R. Reuveny and H. Kang Bilateral Trade and Political Conflict/Cooperation: Do Goods Matter? Journal of Peace Research, September 1, 1998; 35(5): 581 - 602. [Abstract]

				J. R. Oneal and J. L. Ray New Tests of the Democratic Peace: Controlling for Economic Interdependence, 1950-85 Political Research Quarterly, December 1, 1997; 50(4): 751 - 775. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. Raknerud and H. Hegre The Hazard of War: Reassessing the Evidence for the Democratic Peace Journal of Peace Research, November 1, 1997; 34(4): 385 - 404. [Abstract]

				B. Solomon Return to the First Image Journal of Peace Research, August 1, 1997; 34(3): 249 - 255.

				T. J. VOLGY and J. E. SCHWARZ Free Trade, Economic Inequality and the Stability of Democracies in the Democratic Core of Peace European Journal of International Relations, June 1, 1997; 3(2): 239 - 253.

				P. D. Senese Costs and Demands: International Sources of Dispute Challenges and Reciprocation Journal of Conflict Resolution, June 1, 1997; 41(3): 407 - 427. [Abstract]

				N. P. Gleditsch and H. Hegre Peace and Democracy: Three Levels of Analysis Journal of Conflict Resolution, April 1, 1997; 41(2): 283 - 310. [Abstract]

				M. Mousseau Democracy and Militarized Interstate Collaboration Journal of Peace Research, February 1, 1997; 34(1): 73 - 87. [Abstract]

				B. Heldt The Dependent Variable of the Domestic-External Conflict Relationship: Anecdotes, Theories and Systematic Studies Journal of Peace Research, February 1, 1997; 34(1): 101 - 106. [Abstract]

				K. Barbieri Economic Interdependence: A Path to Peace or a Source of Interstate Conflict? Journal of Peace Research, February 1, 1996; 33(1): 29 - 49. [Abstract]